Hunting for Sport and Recreation in Ancient Assyria
Assyrians controlled the lands from the border of Egypt to the Persian gulf during the 9th century BC. Like many societies, the Assyrians believed they had to advance their religious beliefs through warfare and conquest. The Assyrians were the first culture to use iron weapons. They were cunning military minds who mastered the art of war.
Their military might was imposing and many of their foes surrendered to the Assyrians without any fight. If they did not, they faced an innovative military force whose rolling siege towers, enormous battering rams and charioteers offered a huge military advantage.
Not surprisingly, the ancient art of Mesopotamia suggests that hunting had an important symbolic value for the culture. This was especially true in Assyria, evidenced by the dozens of artistic depictions of the Royal Hunt in stone relief. Hunting and in particular the “Royal Hunt” were important rituals that established the courage of the king and his dominance over beast and nature. By participating in the Royal Hunt, the King added to his own prestige and a heroic reputation. There is certain to be some exageration in the events, but if these wall reliefs tell even half the story than the kings were men worthy of rule.
Ancient Assyrian art also offered a glimpse into the cermenonial aspect of the Royal Hunt. Many of the artistic wall reliefs found by archaeologists show the king offering animals as sacrifices to Nergal, the sun God. This Mesopotamian deity was the god of war, pestilence and ruler of the underworld.
Of all the prey sought out by the King and his royal party, the most prestigious was the lion. Mounted in his chariot, the king would pursue the lion attempting to bring him down with his bow or spear. Once the lion was injured the king would dismount his chariot and finish off the lion with his sword. Since the Assyrian art was surely designed to please the king, its unclear just how active a role the king took in stalking and killing his prey.
In a relief currently on display in the British Museum, the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal is depicted riding on horseback, bow raised. He is hunting wild donkeys who were considered a blight in those days. The act of thinning the heard of asses was considered a noble and worthy pursuit for the king. The last great king of Assyria was Ashurbanipal. He was king at the zenith of Assyrian dominance but the empire crumpled shortly after his death.
The Assyrian wall reliefs we see today in museums suggest that hunting lions was wildly popular and the lion population was severely impacted. Lions where shipped in to Assyria from other locales to offer a suitable, entertaining hunt. This conclusion can be drawn from some Assyrian wall reliefs that show a lion being released from the cage.